Just in Time Distribution Essay -- essays research papers fc

on the nose-In-Time Distribution and Barilla SpAAnybody who knows something about business had heard the term Just-in-time (JIT) inventory. It involves producing only what is need, when it is needed. The principle of Just in time is to eliminate sources of manufacturing waste by getting the right quantity of raw materials and producing the right quantity of products in the right place at the right time.(1) In this way, manufactures receive parts and materials just in time to meet the days manufacturing quota with hardly any extra.(3)JIT is a manufacturing management method developed in Japan during the 70s to meet customer demands. The individual most credited with the development of JIT is Taiichi Ohno, the vice president of Toyota Motor Company. by and by Toyota introduced JIT and was proven to be successful, it was tried by other companies giply after and now today is widely accustomd by many companies. JIT can be applied to almost any type of industry and channel relationsh ips. JIT could someday become the norm of the business world. Before the introduction of JIT, there were a smoke of manufacturing defects in the system such as inventory problems, product defects, risen cost, large heap production, and delivery delays. Some other problems also included equipment breakdowns, and scraggy production levels. The inventory problems included unused inventory that was unproductive and the extra effort of storing and managing it. To store inventory, it costs money called a Carrying Cost, which can be expensive. However, with the use of the JIT system, inventory costs can be reduced by as much as 50 percent if not more. For product defects, the manufactures knew that a individual(a) product defect can cause breakdown the producers creditability so they must have a defect-free process. Instead of a large lot production, manufactures decided they should produce more than just one good and have a diverse line of products. And finally, the way they were runn ing things did not manage easy for the fast delivery request, so there was a need to have a faster and reliable delivery system in order to portion out customers needs.(1) With the use of the JIT system, these problems were solved and made things run a lot more smoothly with a lot less cost. To make the JIT system successful the cooperation amongst manufacture and its cha... ... cooperation during negotiations and to reinforce agreements. Being a new customer they are open to new ideas, whereas the current distributors and customers are more reluctant to change. Such butt end markets could include the small independent shops. Barilla isnt the only case that has tried to implement JITD. It is being use for perishables because they have such a short shelf life and need to be shipped out fast with little to no storage. Overall, I think JITD could be useful to the right companies. Who knows maybe someday it will be as popular as the famous JIT.Bibliography1.) Wong, Nancy, Conceptua l Theory, Iowa State University, http//www.clubpom.com/Student_Wing/Public/JITtutorial.html2.) Russell, Roberta S., and Taylor, Bernard W., Operations Management, 4th Edition, ch. 11, pg. 511-535.3.) Rosenbloom, Bert, Marketing Channels, 7th Edition, 2004, pg. 405-406.4.)Harvard business organisation School, Barilla SpA (A), Boston, MA Harvard Business School Publishing, 14 June 1994.5.) Just in Time distribution the time is right., Supermarket News, 19 August 1991. http//www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?docid=1G111145856&refid=ink_tptd_mag&skeyword=& ribbing=

History Of The Internet Essay -- essays research papers

The year is 1957 and the USSR has just launched the premier(prenominal) artificial earth satellite. In rejoinder America launches the Advanced Research ProjectsAgency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DOD) to create Americaslead in science and technology. The Internet had its menial beginnings here,within ARPAs many projects. The Internet has become one of the key symbols of todays pop culture everything has a dot com address hatful do not say call me, but instead itsIll E-mail you and the new word on the stock market is E-business. TheInternet has not al vogues been such a key figure in American life in fact it wasmostly unheard of until recently. The theory for the Internet premier(prenominal) started being published in 1961 withLeonard Kleinrocks document on packet-switching theory, Information Flow inLarge Communication Net. This document presented the theory behind the firstproblem of the Internet, and how to solve it1. The problem was this when alarge document is s ent then pieces of it become lost in transfer and the entiredocument has to be resent, but then different pieces are missing from the newcopy of the document. This is a major problem and the obvious solution is tochop the information up into smaller pieces and then transmit the smallerpieces2. Then another problem was realized, how does the computing device knowwhere to put these small bits of information? The solution to that was what hascome to be known as packet-switching (PS). In PS, the entire document is sentin a bunch of tiny packets, these packets contain the information of thedocument wrapped in its placement on the page. The receiving computer thensends a message back to the transmitting computer telling it which packets werecorrupted or missing and the transmitting computer then re-sends the lostinformation3.The next problem that the Internet faced was first discovered at theARPAs networking project, ARPAnet. Since it was militarily connected, theleaders of ARPAnet wante d a route that information could be moved between twocomputers without requiring a direct connection in case the direct link betweentwo computers failed (was destroyed). The way that the ARPAnet project dealtwith this was by having the network bounce the information around without ittaking a direct path... ... but enough to crash the Internet and land Mr. Morris(Jr.) a hefty fine and prison time. Earlier in that year, Internet Relay Chat wasdeveloped something that has become one of the key factors in Internet systemtoday8.In the ten years since the Morris Worm the Internet has gone mainstream. After the ARPAnet ceased, the Internet had an explosion in usage and hasbecome the giant that Americans know today. It has modify from itshumble beginnings, when it crashed on the first attempted remote LOGIN, intoan economy driving, pop culture staple. Few people have heard of men such asLeonard Kleinrock, but none can say he has not contributed to America today. So, when you think about the Cold War, think about Sputnik and the Internet itcreated.BibiographyHafner, Katie Lyon, Matthew. Where Wizards Stay up Late The Origins of theInternet. Touchstone Books 1998.Kristula, David. The History of the Internet. Network Solutions, Inc. What is the History of the Internet?. Segaller, Stephen. Nerds 2.0.1 A Brief History of the Internet. TV Books Inc.1999Sterling, Bruce. A Brief History of the Internet.

Plato and Confucius Essay -- Philosophers

Plato and Confucius in that location are thousands of credible philosophers for people to study today, therefore the prime(prenominal) of who to study becomes a burdening task. Each single one has amazing knowledge and insight that we could all learn something from. There are people who dont call themselves philosophers but bring philosophical thought to us, and then there are those who dedicate their lives to the love of wisdom. Philosophers have existed for thousands of years, and as long as the solarise comes up, there will be philosophers in the future. The human mind is made for philosophizing. So as we young, blossoming philosophers try and make sense of the world in general and the philosophical world specifically, we must find people to enlighten us and share with us their knowledge and theories. These people can range from antiquated Chinese philosophers such as Confucius, to early Greek philosophers such as Plato, to more modern philosophers such as Descartes or Locke. Each philosopher brings a various aspect to our learning in their differences in time, culture, knowledge and personality. Many philosophers have a great and withstanding reputation attached to their name, therefore gaining worldwide respect and inquiry. 2 of those philosophers are Plato and Confucius. They are perhaps two of the most recognized names in philosophy, and rightly so because of their contributions to the world. All the knowledge that is spoon-fed to us today was not available to these early philosophers, so it makes their ideas even out more commendable. Both of these men dedicated their lives to philosophy, and because of that, they have everlasting places in the philosophical world. They are widely followed even today because of their breakthrough theories. Plato an... ...ey are it is more about how rich and famous you become. I believe that either of these philosophers would be a valuable one to follow. There is no reason why you cant take lessons from both in a n effort to improve your life. They both incorporate fundamental human set like justice, truth, wisdom, goodness, and righteousness in their efforts to improve the human condition, both individually and in society as a whole. Confucius ideas may be a itsy-bitsy easier to follow since it doesnt require you to throw your current way of life out the window. His emphasis on simplicity, respect, and understanding could drastically improve the lives of anyone who studies him. However, Platos nidus on reason is something that could lead you to want to change in an effort to live better. It is obvious that both men have a love of wisdom, and are therefore true philosophers.

An Act of Courage Essay -- Courage Bravery Personal Narratives Essays

An Act of CourageFaced with the task of writing a paper on a precise act of courage my initial reaction was that of total uncertainty. Later that evening, as I lay in my bed watching television I pondered what melodic theme to do for the paper. Then the sportscaster on the news began an interview with Jim Abbott a well-k straight offn major league pitcher. I thought to myself, this is perfect Jim Abbott is a populace who shows courage when the odds are against him. He is fulfilling his lifelong dream of playing professional baseball despite the fact that he was born without a honorable hand. Whenever I see Jim pitch, I am reminded of something that happened when I was about 8 or 9 at summer camp.Before that summer, I had always matt-up pity for people who were physically challenged especially Justin Berger. Justin, a boy in my age group at Camp Wayne, who was born with some kind of infirmity that prevented him from controlling the movements of his left hand. I never teased him o r talked badly about him to former(a)s what I did in some ways was much worse. I denominate him different. I saw him as inferior and thought that he needed some extra leeway in such activities as sports. However, Justin saw his hinder as a motivator, a reason to work harder and excel in all aspects of camp life. Camp Wayne was very competitive the summer culminated with four daytimes of intense sports competition called Color War. It was during Color War that my view of Justin changed.During Color War the whole camp is divided into two teams. The teams play each other in various competitions and sports for 4 eld and at the end of the fourth day the points are tallied up to see who won. It was the last day of Color War, the day everything would be decided. There was not one camper whose heart wasnt rushing with intense emotions and pride. It was about 300, the voice over the intercom said it is now time for second period everyone except the A & B groups (the youngest campers) go down to the main soccer field to watch the D group soccer game. I laced up my cleats and ran down to the field. Over the years our age group the D group, had earned the reputation of one of the most gymnastic groups in Camp Wayne history. Just about everyone was gathered in the bleachers to watch our soccer game. Soccer was my sport, by this point I was considered one of the best, the Captain of the gloomy team. The coach and I set up ... ...od Silver Burdett Press, 1990. This book was about people who were told they would never make it but they proved the skeptics wrong. The book consisted of many race facts and focused on mainly the major leagues.Macht, Norman L. Jim Abbott, Major League Pitcher. Ed. Kathy Campbell. Philadelphia Chlesea House Publishers, 1994. The book was about living the life of a physically handicap person. I used the book to tell about Jims strength and as basic reference to overcoming his handicap.Making it to the Majors. Narr. John Hinkins. Espn. Calif ornia. 5 May 1990. This was a TV interview with Jim Abbott. I used the interview for many quotes which I added to the paper where I deemed they fit.Savage, Jeff. Sports Great Jim Abbott. Hillside Enslow Publishers, 1993. The author who is a sportswriter follows the life of Abbott from his childhood days to the majors. This book was very in-depth and was a good source for the little things that were hard to find in the other books.White, Ellen Emerson. Jim Abbott Against All Odds. New York Scholastic Inc., 1990. The book was your add up basic biography. I used it for some minor details about Jim growing up over the years.

Oedipus :: essays research papers

In ancient Greece, the people believed that the gods ruled their lives and controlled their destiny. Their emphasis on fate was shown in their plays. This stands true to Oedipus, he could not c0ontrol his fate. Fate kept Oedipus alive through a murder attempt and to kill his father, and to marry his mother. When Oedipus was born his father was so afraid of the prophecy that he gave his son away to be killed. The will of the gods protected Oedipus and found two people to raise him. If the gods didn&8217t control the lives of these people, Oedipus would surely be dead. Fate kept him alive to fulfill his prophecy. Oedipus was put in a situation where he couldn&8217t protect himself, but was still able to overcome it. Oedipus is now aged and leaves the people whom he thinks is his pargonnts. While traveling he runs into a stranger. He gets into an argument with this stranger and kills him. The stranger turned out to be the poof, and also his father. With the king away a sphinx shows u p and causes mischief. Oedipus answers the riddle correctly and with it the sphinx leaves. Because of this Oedipus is given the throne. Fate has kept him alive and given him the chance to kill his father and overtake the thrown. instantaneously that he is king, he meets the old queen and falls madly in love with her. He marries her and he has two children, who in all reality are actually his half sisters. Oedipus has no way of knowing that his wife is actually his mother.Just when it had seemed to Oedipus his life was becoming fulfilled, he runs into a blind prophet who explains why the city is having such problems. Slowly but surely Oedipus&8217 fate comes back to haunt him. It begins with the burning question of, why is the city is undergoing such terrible plagues? The all in all town seems to be under a curse from the gods and Oedipus wants to know why.

Oedipus :: essays research papers

In ancient Greece, the people believed that the gods ruled their lives and controlled their destiny. Their emphasis on fate was shown in their plays. This stands true to Oedipus, he could not c0ontrol his fate. Fate kept Oedipus animate through a murder attempt and to kill his father, and to marry his mother. When Oedipus was born his father was so afraid of the prophecy that he gave his son away to be killed. The will of the gods protected Oedipus and found two people to raise him. If the gods didn&8217t control the lives of these people, Oedipus would surely be dead. Fate kept him alive to fulfill his prophecy. Oedipus was assemble in a situation where he couldn&8217t protect himself, but was still able to overcome it. Oedipus is now old(a)er and leaves the people whom he thinks is his parents. opus traveling he runs into a stranger. He gets into an argument with this stranger and kills him. The stranger turned out to be the king, and also his father. With the king away a sphi nx shows up and causes mischief. Oedipus answers the riddle correctly and with it the sphinx leaves. Because of this Oedipus is given the throne. Fate has kept him alive and given him the chance to kill his father and overtake the thrown. Now that he is king, he meets the old queen and falls madly in love with her. He marries her and he has two children, who in all reality are actually his half sisters. Oedipus has no way of knowing that his wife is actually his mother.Just when it had seemed to Oedipus his life was becoming fulfilled, he runs into a blind prophet who explains why the city is having such problems. belatedly but surely Oedipus&8217 fate comes back to haunt him. It begins with the burning question of, why is the city is lowgoing such terrible plagues? The whole town seems to be under a curse from the gods and Oedipus wants to know why.

Marketing Mix of Unilever Soaps Essay

UnileverUnilever is ace of the worlds leading suppliers of fast- moving consumer goods. We aim to provide people the world over with crossroads that argon good for them and good for some another(prenominal)(a)s. reverieUnilevers Corporate Purpose* Deep roots in local cultures and market places around the world gives Unilever a strong relationship with consumers and atomic number 18 the foundation for futurity growth. They hope to bring their wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers a truly multi-local multinational. * Unilever believes that long-term success requires a total load to exceptional standards of performance and harvestivity, to working together effectively, and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learn continuously. * To succeed in any case requires, Unilever believes, the high gearest standards of corporate behavior towards every champion they work with, the communities they touch, and the environment on which they father an impact. This is Unilevers road to sustainable, profitable growth, creating long-term value for shareholders, our people, and our harvest-homeion line partners.Unilevers Growth PrioritiesAm firearmion To win share and grow volume in every category and country.* Winning with brands & Innovation* Winning with people* Winning in the marketplace* Winning through continuous progressionConsumer Product tradeBy and large in the consumer product markets that prevail all over, products are defined in terms of the buying behavior of shoppers. Fol execrableing three are the major categories defined* Convenience goods* Shopping goods* Specialty goodsConvenience goods, usually the edible food items, are known to be purchased often, right away, and with little comparison or effort. On the other hand shopping goods involve product comparisons on such bases as flavour, price, style and suitability like for example if you go start to purchase a television set, youll definitel y take into account whether you wishing an LCD or an LED or even Plasma maybe other than this you would be making a mental analysis in your head as to whether your last reviews about a particular brand say Samsung or Song or LG was good or bad and likewise you would be narrowing down your list of choice.Lastly specialty goods possess unique attributes for which a significant group of buyers is willing to make a special effort an example maybe of Mercedes or any sports car or any high life item for that matter. These shopping characteristics, in turn, determine marketing mix emphasis for each product type. For example, in our case of the chosen product category liquid ecstasy which comes underneath the head of convenience good the often impulsive nature of purchases puts stress on the place element to make sure these products are astray available and highly visible.1. ProductProduct A product is more than some involvement with physical characteristics. In a very narrow sense a pr oduct is set of tangible physical assembled in an identifiable form. From the perspective of a marketing manager a new product can be anything focussing believes to be new, usually categorized as a major innovation, a minor innovation, or a modification.Major Innovation this entails any new product that the company develops & introduces having no prior existence in the market by any company Minor Innovation this entails a product which the company antecedently did not make but others in the market did. Modification is an adjustment in the tangible features that may include color, routaging, size product improvements etc. any facts and figures considered mostly when new products find their way on shelves is through modifications.Unilevers ProductsUnilevers products image building features includesColor For the sake of variety they have exuberant colored products. Like lux, fall, Lifebuoy are available in different colourise. Quality Unilever maintains the high standards of q uality of its products for the entire target market, which creates a strong image in the consumers mind. Warranty It is the policy of the company that it replaces the products damaged due to manufacturing or quality fault whenever claimed.2.1. sixtyIn 1954 local production of this remarkable flourishing toilet slime began. lux happens to be the largest Unilever brand globally, with its glamorous association with film stars providing a common link across the world. History of Lux Lux guck was counterbalance launched in the UK in 1899. The name lx was chosen as the Latin word for light. Lux was introduced as bathroom soap in the US in 1925 and in the UK in 1928 as a brand extension of LUX soap flakes. Formula given by look and Development departments in foreign countries LUX is produced in Pakistan from imported raw materials. Sodium soap, glycerol and different extracts according to flavors, coming from Unilever plants. Almond Oil An polished skin softener and moisturizer. Al mond oil is great for all skin types but especially beneficial for dry or irritated skin. drinking chocolate Butter Cocoa Butter is absorbed quickly into the skin to soften, lubricated, moisten and nutrients the skin. Works great to prevent and treat scars, stretch marks, and damage skin. Colorants Unilever uses a combination of micas, oxides, spices, and clays to achieve colors in their products. Distilled Water Unilever always uses distilled water for safety and purity. Fragrance Oil Fragrance oils are added in runty enough quantities to not be an spine for most people. Yet, they add enough to give a light scent which, in your favorite fragrance, you will have a hard time resisting the jazz up to sniffyour hand (again and again). Glycerin Glycerin draws moisture to the skin keeping it soft. Sodium hydroxides This is the chemical used to make soap. Without this chemical, thither is no soap, period. It causes a chemical reaction called specifications. Once specification is comple te, the finished product is soap and there is no lye in the finished product.Monodie Tahiti A moisturizing and naturally fragrant oil, which quickly penetrates the skin acting as a natural streakrier helping prevent dehydration (and wrinkles) of the skin. It is a wonderfully, naturally scented oil excellent for all skin types. Olive Oil Moisturizing oil used in soaps Castile soaps are commandly 100% olive oil. It softens skin while attracting moisture to your skin. Its a mild soap which keeps your skin soft, supple and younger looking. Vitamin E A natural skin antioxidant, promoting healthy tissueColorLUX is offered in Pakistan in five different flavors which areLUX Peach & CreamLUX Strawberry & CreamLUX Purple Lotus & CreamLUX cobalt ultramarine SparkleLUX Nature PureSizesLUX in three different sizes, 80gm, 115gm and 155gm.With five different fragrances, three different sizes, international standard and high quality design, as a product, LUX has been highly successful over the years. Target MarketUrban and suburbanUpper class people spunk class peopleFinancially good-off who can afford to buy LUX.2.2. LIFEBUOYThe brand has long legendary status in the country. Lifebuoy aims to provide affordable and well-disposed hygiene solutions that enable people to lead alife slack from hygiene related worries, everywhere, regardless of the boundaries of nationality, religion and socio-economic status.History of LifebuoyLifebuoy is maven of Unilevers oldest brands. Lifebuoy majestic Disinfectant Soap was launched in 1894 as an affordable new product in the UK, to support people in their mission for better personal hygiene. soon after launch, Lifebuoy soap travelled across the world, reaching countries such as Pakistan, where even today it is still the market-leading brand.Lifebuoy on a MissionAccording to the founding Health Organization, diarrhea is the single largest cause of death, killing 2.2 cardinal people every year. In Pakistan, a large number of chil dren are also affect by this fatal disease every year. Its been estimated that if every wizard washed their give properly at key times during the day, up to half of all childhood deaths from diarrhea could be avoided. Health and Hygiene education is the core Lifebuoys plans.The Way ForwardFor the past few years, major changes have been made to the clean Lifebuoy soap bar to ensure that it provides improved hygiene protection and a more enjoyable healthy washing experience for its billions of consumers. Lifebuoy soaps chaste hard red brick watch has been replaced with a new signature Lifebuoy shape. The new shape makes the bar easier to enchant and use Lifebuoy soaps characteristic medicated, carbolic touch sensation has been replaced with a more enjoyable and contemporary health fragrance FRAGRANCEThese four variants help you protect your family from the 10 infection causing germs and stay one step ahead of them. Lifebuoy Nature A soap bar color is Green color. Green is the color of nature and life. Green symbolizes secure, natural relaxed, self-respect and well cosmos. Its anti-acne with neem and lemon. Lifebuoy Total PROTECT Bar Soap Its in Red color. It is warmest of all color. Red is the color most chosen by extroverts. Active kids need unbeatable, long-lasting protection from germs. Lifebuoy Total protect Bar Soap is lab-proven to keep your family protectedfrom 10 infection causing germs. Lifebuoy Care pack is of Blue color in which soap bar color is dingy. It commands respect and authority. Lifebuoy cool freshPRODUCT Product involved some elements which are Variety, Quality, shape & Brand Name. Quality Lifebuoys quality is very popular among the people. Lifebuoy has continued to change as per consumer need. Since the soap has undergone numerous product quality improvements to offer exceed hygiene results. Shape Lifebuoy soaps classic hard red brick shape has been replaced with a new signature Lifebuoy shape. The new shape makes the bar easier to grip and to use.Target MarketAll households who can afford buying soapChildren2.3. diveIn a world of hype and stereotypes, the Dove brand provides a refreshing alternative for women who recognize that beauty isnt simply about how you look. The Dove brands mission is to make more women feel bonny every day by widening the definition of beauty and inspiring them to take great care of them.History of DoveUnilever acquired a French perceptible for a radically new product a personal cleansing bar that was not soap. Rather, this new bar contained a pH-neutral cleanser and a moisturizing component. Dove Bar was born and launched in the US in 1957. It promised women that it wouldnt dry their face the way that soap did. Women tried it. And it didnt. Thus began a very believe relationship between Dove and its users. Shape The shape of the bar is a perfect shape to fit into the palm of your hand. Its oval and curved, like the clog of a spoon, and is a nice fat bar of soap, not a teeny little slim bar. On both commodious sides of the soap is the Dove title and logo of the bird, just like on the box.Dove Bar membersStearic AcidUses use as a hardener in soap. According to DCI, it also gives liquid soap a pearly appearance. nearly This Ingredient According to DCI and Cosmetics Info it safe by the FDA and CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review) expert panel. Stearic acid is a constituent in some veg oils.Sodium TallowateUses Used for cleansing. more or less This Ingredient Sodium tallowate is a salt of Tallow (according to Cosmetic Cops mental lexicon of Cosmetic Ingredients it is a substance extracted from the fatty deposits of animals, especially from suet (the fat of cattle and sheep). It clogs pores, cause blackheads, and increase the incidence of eczema for individuals with sensitive skin.Sodium laurelitateUses Used for cleansing and creating lather.About This Ingredient Sodium Palmitate is a salt of Palmitic Acid (according to Cosmetic Cops Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients. Palmitic Acid can be drying to the skin).This ingredient cleanses your skin, topper for oily skins.Lauric AcidUses According to Cosmetic Info it is a surfactant and cleansing agent. About This Ingredient Lauric Acid occurs naturally in some vegetable oils like palm oil.WaterUses Typically used in soap as a root for dissipation the oxidizer. About This Ingredient A solvent is always needed to dissolve the oxidizer. It can be water, milk, or any other liquid containing water. Water is used as a means of dissolving the oxidizer (the thing that combines with the oils to make soap).Sodium StearateUses The Stearate salts are generally used for their lubricating properties. They also help to keep emulsions from separating into their oil and liquid components, according to Cosmetic Info. About This Ingredient According to DCI, this ingredient is about 98% Stearic Acid.Cocamidopropyl BetaineUses Used as a surfactant, according to Cosmetic Info.About This Ingredient This is ge nerally regarded as one of the more gentle surfactants.This ingredient cleanses your skin. Sodium CocoateUses Used as a surfactant.About This Ingredient This is a gentle surfactant.This ingredient cleanses your skin.Sodium Palm KernelateUses Used as a surfactant.About This Ingredient This is a gentle surfactant.This ingredient cleanses your skin.Sodium ChlorideUses Used as a thickening agent.About This Ingredient Sodium Chloride is the comparable as ordinary table salt.Tetrasodium EDTAUses Used as a preservative and chelating agent.About This Ingredient No known toxicity to the skin.Tetrasodium EtidronateUses Used as a preservative and chelating agent (DCI lists this as a synonym for Tetrasodium EDTA.About This Ingredient No known toxicity to the skin.MaltolUses Used as a flavoring agent.About This Ingredient It occurs naturally in some types of plants. It does have a fragrance. It used as a fragrance.Titanium DioxideUses Used as a innocencening agent.About This Ingredient Titaniu m Dioxide is thought to have no negative side effects when used externally.PACKAGING DOVEDove soap comes in little cardboard box. The box is 8.5 cm long, 3.3 cm wide and 6 cm high. The color of the box is the typical Dove colors of the blue Dove on a white background with the little childlike gold outline of a dove over the Dove title. Beneath the lyric Dove Cream Bar is the other familiar picture of a little gold droplet causing some ripples with the fraction 1/4 in it. This is to show that the Dove products wit with this symbol are a quarter moisturizer them. The front and back of the box both have the main title and moisturizer bit on them. The remaining 4 sides are covered with lots of blurb. This includes ingredients, barcode, and bar. Dove is available in 75g pack & 135g pack.2. PLACEMENT/DISTRIBUTIONDire solicitude needs to be devoted to the question of place especially as to where to make available the product and in terms of how to get that product there otherwise suc cessful product decisions that have been taken will be lost. No doubt these decisions are to a very large extent influenced by the type of product that is marketed and the environment in which it is marketed, the company policies & resources and not to forget consumer needs the ultimate buyer. These place decisions then pave way for pricing & packaging decisions to be undertaken. At the basic level, the first thing that the marketing managers need to identify is whether or not to use intermediaries and if the answer to the question is yes then pass on decisions need to be taken in regards of type & organization of them i.e. strongsalers or retailers. Distribution channels once established are often hard & high-priced to change.3.4. LUXUnilever Pakistan Ltd. has a massive diffusion channel for LUX all over the country as its sales reach more than 10 billion pieces a year as per the recent increase in demand for all of its products that were originally targeted towards urban a nd suburban middle & upper middleclass. Warehouses = 6/ one in each division.The company does not use its own fleet of transport for distributing its product therefore, it has outsourced its distribution process to various third party distributors, merely dedicated to Unilever Pakistan Ltd. These distributors then supply the product all over Pakistan to a huge number of retailers.3.5. LifebuoyThe strategy that Lifebuoy follows is like that in every small or big shop customer will be able to find out the product. Its distribution network fillly covers about 50,000villages, reaching about 250 million consumers. It basically targets Rural, semi-urban and urban people. Rural 72% of Pakistans population is in the agricultural areas hence about 50% of the soaps are sold in the rural markets. Lifebuoys variants like Lifebuoy care,Lifebuoy total, lifebuoy active are specially positioned for the rural market. Semi-urban For the semi-urban segment, Lifebuoy nature & Lifebuoy fresh is posit ioned. Urban All varieties are found here.3.6. DOVEIt uses one distribution channel to provide its various products to retailers. Placement and distribution of DOVE is more popular in Metropolitan cities although demand is rising now. The general trade comprises food market stores, chemists, intactsale, and general stores.3. PRICING STRATEGIESOne of the main components of marketing mix is Price or pricing strategy incorporated by a company for a particular product. Unilevers pricing strategy for its soap items is quite conventional based on the country (Pakistan) it is operating in. as explained in detail in the product, place and furtheranceal parts of this report, the market is segmented into different categories based on purchasing capacity. Thus different items in category of soaps cater to the demands and needs of a particular targeted segment. The current prices for different SKUs of Lux, Lifebuoy and dove are as follows LUXLUX luxury bar 155g Rs. 50LUX 115g Rs. 40LUX 80g R s. 28LifebuoyLifebuoy Jumbo Pack 155g Rs. 38Lifebuoy 115g Rs. 32Lifebuoy 75g Rs.24DoveDove white beauty bar 75g Rs. 55Dove beauty plectron bar 135g Rs.854.7. LUXLux is a soap associated with beauty more or less. The target market is middle, lower middle and upper middle class. This constitutes another big chunk of population. The prices suggest the Lux is neither too cheap norexcessively expensive. The impression that Lux gives is of a soap that is of better quality and appeals to the female populations in general. The strategy is neither skimming nor penetrative its a hybrid of both as it is for any product which lies in between high and low end of product prices. Lux is a well known brand with high awareness among consumers. The value-based-pricing approach is the most suitable tag for Luxs pricing and persona in the market.4.8. LifebuoyAs clear from the price listings above, lifebuoy is a low-end soap of Unilever. The main focus has been to target the lesser-earning and rural po pulation of the country. Given that huge chunk of the population falls in the low earning category, this is a big target market that needs addressing. This segment of population is very elastic in terms of demand, so a cheaper soap like Lifebuoy has high demand. Lifebuoy, for its economic price, is also used as the domain toiletry item in public toilets and schools or collages or hospitals.Unilevers strategy for Lifebuoy is penetrative in nature. As the aim is quantity maximization through lower prices. Its logical as quantity demanded will increase if the prices are kept lower for the targeted market segment. The pricing quarry is to maximize quantity. As number of units sold increase, the cost of producing will drop automatically. So it can be said the Lifebuoy is produced with cost-plus pricing method.4.9. DOVEDove is a prestigious brand of Unilever. Quality is the focus and target market is the upper middle and upper class of the society. Doves pricing suggests soap not intend ed for the economic buyer but for customers who believe in high quality as compared to quantity. The packing, the look the fragrance all give the indication of a quality product. The strategists believe in quality leadership as the core objective for pricing of Dove. high price gives an indication to the customer that this is the best product to have been offered in the soap category by the company. The objective is also profit margin maximization through skimmed pricing that is Unilever aims to focus on the cream of the customers who are not price sensitive and are willing to pay higher to get better quality.4. PROMOTIONEven when you have come up with the right kind of product with the required quality attributes at the right price and through the correct distribution channels have placed it at the right spot there is still one thing that remains how will your intended customer know that you exist? Its the same like if you come up with a brilliant business idea altogether and you c ook up its whole feasibility without really reaping anything out of it unless you spread the word and someone out there suddenly feels the same vibes that yes this will work and you may as a result perhaps find investment that you needed. So the element that essentially is required is progress and it makes a significant part of a companys marketing mix. furtherance therefore caters to the need identified of informing people about your product in general and that it presents a better solution to whatever perceived problem or crave that they might have.Now this task has over the decades call on extremely tedious for marketing managers since every day we are bombarded with different companies trying to sell their products through various modes of promotion may it be direct like selling or indirect like advertisement, publicity or sales promotion. Now it is the job of the manager at hand to identify how to be the one who stands out the one to whom you would actually listen to and ab sorb rather than just letting it slip from one ear to the next this task requires topmost efforts & painstaking brainstorming and idea generation & not to mention some creative efforts on the part of the marketing team on the whole. A simple example to note the efficacy of such measures is if youd contrast the advertisement of perhaps Surf Excel and say Nirma on most grounds we have reason to bet our money on surf excel that it has better chances of retaining in the minds of customers when they go for a purchase.Each detail no matter how flash matters in case of television advertisements, which channel you are going to use for airing your technical the reach which season like if you are Qarshi youd want your commercial to air more in summers and maybe in the holy month of Ramazan as well, which time slot i.e. morning, afternoon, evening, night whether you want your commercial to tally first during the ad break or you want it in-between the frequency everything matters. Same goe s for print media including newsprints and magazines, radio etc. Print media in terms of which newspaper or magazine? Which page? How many words? Bottom of the page or top of the page? Or maybe youd want the whole page to yourself.Radio in terms of which frequency to air through, at what time?How many times? And so forth billboards & hoardings are the same story. Promotion can be seen in respect of communication. The company tends to be the sender the mode of communication can be termed as the channel and the audience of persist is the ultimate consumer the underlying assumption is to get the message across. Since communication requires effort, expense, and time, most messages are sent with the expectation that they will generate a feedback and obviously the expectance is skew towards the positivity whereby which the company would experience a rise in sales share & profits therefore deciding on the promotional budget & promotion mix is imperative.Unilever PromotionFor promotion we have evaluated the indirect measures that include advertisement, sales promotion & publicity. The following outlines the key traits of each * The aim of advertising is to inform to conduct & to remind. * Sales promotions is usually to retailer where they are encouraged to carry higher inventory levels and stocking of related items build brand loyalty and of course the idea is to graduation competitors promotions. Sales promotions can also be targeted to customers so as to increase their current purchases or to divert customers for competitors to ones own brand. * Publicity entails being newsworthy and believable and it includes events such as anniversary celebrations & sponsorships.5.10. LUXLUX is positioned to be beauty soap entailed to bringing out the star in you. Since childhood, I along with my group members remember LUX being advertised on television screens with female models, may it be from TV or film assiduity the underlying concept had always been of beauty and over th e years it has sticked to that philosophy by introducing new product variants in terms of fragrance, color use of milk proteins, rose extract and what not. LUX has used female models time and again in its commercial each time it brought a new product improvement in terms of fruit extracts, skin moisturizing minerals etc. Some of the models that were prominent include Reema featuring a new white LUX with double moisturizing Iraj Manzoor withthe green LUX having sea minerals. In both of these ads the message was of LUX not being just soap but a total skin care brass as you may remember by the lines sirf soap nae, mukaamal skincare.And then there were commercials that featured Iman Ali tag line mujh mai star jagaaye Reema with silk protein extracts sonya jahan with new lux white commercial khoobsorate ka raaz ab app kai pass. And of course Katrina Kaif with purple lotus and the tagline was to moisturize your skin with beauty oils. For its 50th anniversary(Publicity), LUX featured top models headed by Barbara Sharif in its commercial whereby which the tag was salha saal se chala aa raha hai, LUX aur khoobsorate ka safar ab app manain hamaray sath LUX kai sath khubsoorte kai 50 saal kyunkai hum laye hain khas app kai liya LUX special rendering Special edition mai dhundain 50 yrs coupon and jeetya saal bhar kai liya free lux So in short the ravel introduced a special edition LUX bar which had a coupon that would entail you to free LUX supply for the whole year talk about big but I guess being a multinational company you have that supplement to do so.As a promotional campaign (Publicity), LUX also introduced LUX style awards for the first time in 2002 which was no doubt the first of its kind in our country. And at one stance which we believe is memorable to promote this LUX came up with a special Black limited edition and the commercial was aired by the name of vision factory directed by Asim Raza who evidently did an excellent job at shooting the whole thin g the main leads were Iman Ali & Shaan and the commercial picked pace with the intimidating lines wakt aa gaya hai app se milnay ka humain join kerain at the lux style awards and subsequently the invitation process was the LUX special edition negligee to be sent to such and such address. LUX also featured in its ads who will be the next LUX girl? Sms and win enkindle prizes.Recent promotional activities(Sales promotion) include the LUX gold coin scheme and for that particular reason they came up with a new commercial featuring Humaima Malik, the now extremely popular Mahira Khan, Reema & ofcourse Meera. The commercial opens with the lines lux kai ander chupee hain app ki kismet 4 beauties nai bajhe hain special wishes lux bars mai hazar sonay kai sikay khas app kai liya so this is where the four television models have been incorporated into the whole scheme. For publicity LUX also featured Ali Zafar who sang the song dakha jo teri ankhun mai & the video had AminaHaq, Meera & R eema as playing the supporting roles alongside him.5.11. LifebuoyLifebuoy is a brand with a loaded history infact even now lifebuoy brings with it the nostalgic feeling of school days where one used to find red colored bars in washrooms & other rest rooms across the country. Although it wasnt a particular brand of soap which had a great fragrance to its name still the positioning had been so strong that the memory of it remains evident in the minds of people on the whole. Today however, Lifebuoy has come a long way from being targeted to perhaps the unfortunate labor class (lowest income class) to middle income bracket consumers thereby changing its earlier positioned strategy to a hygienic soap whereby which families can protect themselves from multiple ailments. sign commercial that we as a group recall is that of a football ground in which the kid falls and later the close was on Lifebuoy hai jahan, tandrustee hai wahan Lifebuoy. later on that its noticeable that Lifebuoy und ertook some drastic changes in its commercials uplifting the image that it had built for so long to where now we see it as being positioned as advance lifebuoy that is supposedly catering to 10 infection causing bacteria punch line advance jaraseemadvance hifazat.10 infections walay jaraseem se bachayegaaik hifazatcareLifebuoy. Previously there had been commercials that featured Lifebouy as more powerful than ordinary soap in terms that it gave you better protection even hours after you bathed furthermore active 4 was there with a blue variant incorporating healthy ho ga Pakistan. Then of course there had been the Germbusters Lifebuoy koe dar nahe- a 5 to 6 minute graphical showing children & germs fighting against each other singers were Ali Azmat of Junoon & Ahmed Butt of EP which was later incorporated into a short film by asad ul haq lifebuoy khud badlo apni dunya campaign koe dar nahee.Most recent campaign includes Lifebuoy total care Healthy ho ga Pakistan Panch ka pahara with Wasim Akram. In this with the partnership of Wasim Akram & IT, Lifebuoy has launched its school programme in Pakistan to embed the habit of hand washing at 5 key occasions of the day in an effort to build a healthy Pakistan and they have reported figures as high as railway yard schools in 2010 with a student strength of 250,000. Lifebuoy on the independence day of Pakistan as a publicity drivecame up with Haroons video of the very illustrious patriotic song Dil Se on the grounds of bari quom, bari hifazat Lifebuoy5.12. DoveWhere LUX has by and large used female models in its advertisements to promote the concept on beauty Dove which was launched as a mild soap goes on to portray a different meaning to the word beauty. It widens the meaning of beauty big(a) women a reason to take greater care of themselves one of its advertisements had emphasized since when did our definition of beauty became so distorted and beauty is in each one of us, thats why women trust their skin to Dove.Its exquisite logo of dove symbolizes purity & softness and the packaging, product, colors variations all compliment this fact and the general feel of the product for women specifically becomes nothing short of being pampered. Over the years, it has stayed true to its tag-line one quarter moisturizing cream to one quarter cleansing cream in its advertisement. In contrast to Lifebuoy & LUX, Dove is the least promoted brand and we believe there is room to work for better market appeal towards it.Some other Remarks regarding Sales PromotionThe shop that was visited eds in Defence the manager there told that as an incentive overall Unilever in its sales promotion hands over Rs.250, 000/month to them now imagine this is only one shop that we are talking about Consider how many corner or small departmental stores are there in Defence, and then not to mention the bigger ones like Alfatah, Pot Pourri etc and then we should not forget that there are other areas in Lahore and to top i t all Unilever is a brand present across cities so all in all what can be think is that Unilever on the whole for its products spends huge sum of money so as to ensure that their products are available, they occupy a better display and they are inside reach of consumers.

Cultural Competence in Mental Health Treatment Essay

Trimbles chapter on Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Competence brings a number of questions to mind, the almost important of which seems to be the following Are psychologists expected to know about either cultures or ethnicities in the United States today? Multiethnical course glut is expected to enhance students understanding of different cultures before they enter the workplace. All the same, it is virtually impossible for a psychologist to learn about all cultures that he or she would be interacting with in the course of his or her tutorshiper.I would love to believe that the stages of cultural competence development end with cultural blindness (Trimble). Nevertheless, I agnise the importance of understanding all possible cultures that I would be interacting with during the course of my career as a psychologist. I must reach the stage of cultural proficiency (Trimble). As a matter of fact, I had a vague understanding of this goal even before I had read Trimbles chapter o n cultural competency. For this reason I had begun to read and watch movies about foreign cultures several years back.Needless to say, it amazes me that people from foreign cultures hold teachings that are sometimes very different from my own. Moreover, it strengthens my belief that psychologists must understand the different cultures that they interact with. In my opinion, empathy on the part of the psychologist is the foremost requirement in a cure relation backship. At the same time, however, it is clear to me that psychologists who understand different cultures would be particularly empathetic to people who represent those cultures. As an example, Latino psychologists may be especially empathetic toward their Latino clients.Furthermore, the job description of a psychologist cannot admit discrimination, racism, or prejudices. After all, mental health is a requirement of all people. Yet another(prenominal) challenge posed by diversity is that of different moral codes that ha ve been adopted by different cultures and/or races. While multicultural course subject could go a long way in helping the psychologist meet the challenges of diversity, it is crucial for psychologists who are introduced to new cultures for the first time to interview their clients on the infrastructure of their cultural beliefs in the first instance.I state this with confidence based on experience, as I have had the opportunity to interview an individual whose belief remains I could never have comprehended if I had not solicited her questions relevant to her culture. It was important to ask questions relevant to her culture because it was possible for me to consider that her prospect patterns needed serious reordering if I was not aware that her thought patterns actually stemmed from different cultural beliefs altogether.Hence, it was vital to frame the interview questions such(prenominal) that the interviewee would be allowed to explain her cultural beliefs while describing he r problem. A Case Study The following is an excerpt from an interview report to shed more light on the importance of cultural competence in the psychologists career. Mrs. A (2007) is a 69 year old Pakistani lady settled with her sons family in the United States. She has been a green card holder for the past six years. During an interview, she reported having had no problem whatsoever with the American health care system.After all, both her son and daughter-in-law are doctors. Mrs. A suffers severe depression from time to time. In her opinion, it is genetic. From the time she entered the United States, her family has helped her cope with the illness by ensuring that she had bother to the doctors whenever required, in addition to medication. According to the senior immigrant, the attitude that her family has shown toward her illness in a foreign land is, indeed, praiseworthy. This is how families from my part of the world are meant to behave, she adds.She further believes that it is her family alone(predicate) that she can rely on in the foreign land. In the Indo-Pak culture, an individual must be protected and provided for by his or her family. Women must be cared for by their husbands and sons. Single women have no place in our culture, Mrs. A reported. Individualism is replaced by collectivism, as Mrs. A would like her family to look after her interests at all times. In exchange for the time and energy that she has invested in her family thus far, Mrs.A expects help from her family in times of need. She worries, however, that her family would not be able to meet her ask all of the time. As a matter of fact, the possibility that her family might one day find itself impotent in terms of helping her out is a cause of anxiety for the lady. The intense level of anxiety felt by Mrs. A often translates into severe depression. Even though Mrs. A has a large number of friends across the United States, she believes that it is shameful to depend upon friends in ste ad of family.This belief is also culture-ingrained, seeing that the Americans do not believe that it is embarrassing to ask friends for help. Mrs. A visits her friends quite often, and they visit her too. All the same, they cannot root out the anxiety that lurks in the back of her mind that, in fact, it is possible for her to be left without family to lend care of her needs, whether they are financial or health care needs. The anxiety is intensified by Mrs. As concern that the American value system might abruptly change the Muslim-ingrained values of her son and daughter-in-law.Also according to her, it is widely believed in her own part of the world that the American children have no respect for their elders. Parents are sent over to nursing homes and we would never do that she stated. Conclusion As the excerpt from Mrs. As interview report suggests, it is infixed for psychologists to learn about their clients thought patterns and belief systems through interviews with question s that are especially framed to shed light on the clients thought patterns and belief systems in relation to their cultures.No doubt, cultural proficiency is essential in the psychologists career (Trimble). For this reason, the psychologist must conduct research to find out about all cultures that he or she may be interacting with. Even so, the value of the first interview cannot be discounted in terms of learning about the clients culture. References Mrs. A. (2007). personal Interview. Trimble, J. E. Chapter 3 Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Competence.

Mary Seacole

Mary Seacole Mary Seacole was born in 1805, in Jamaica. She nursed soldiers during the Crimean war which started in 1854. Her mother was Jamaican and her dad, a Scottish soldier. Her mother was also a nurse and used herbs for medicines and treatments. At the age of 12, she had already started to behave like a nurse because of the help she provided to her mother with the sick and maimed. When she was older, Mary opened a hotel in Jamaica to help care for the sick. Mary wanted to help those soldiers involved in conflict in Europe.She travelled to England in the UK but no one was interested in taking up her offer to help the ill and wounded soldiers. She instead stayed in England, paying her own fares and eventually setting up another hotel. There, she sold goods and clothing for the soldiers in the hotel. She would cook, clean and care for the soldiers. Mary tried to enlist her help for the Crimean war but was not chosen by Florence Nightingale who was in charge of caring for the wou nded. Mary instead travelled to the playing field alone (covering 4,000 miles).She helped on the battlefield, sometimes even during cannon fire. Mary cared for the men very lovingly. The wounded men loved Mary and called her Mother Seacole. Florence Nightingale was unimpressed by Mary Seacoles work in Crimea, and accused her of intoxicating soldiers and running a brothel. If you ask someone Do you know who Mary Seacole is? they might theorize No this is because Florence Nightingale got more recognition than Mary Seacole. Mary Seacole did just as much as Florence Nightingale, which is why, I think Mary Seacole should have a day to be remembered.

Marco Polo’s Influence on Christopher Columbus Essay

Marco Polos Travels skeletal systemulated in atomic number 63 of the fourteenth and fifteenth century a sensitive perception of the Eastern world, a world just as advanced and sophisticated as that of the West. Yet, an otherwise two centuries were needed for a significant substitute to take place this was Christopher capital of Ohio voyage. For Christopher capital of Ohio, Marco Polos travelogue was a valuable and solid resource that contained the necessary dilate of the East. The geographical descriptions in his writing generated a basis for capital of Ohio scientific calculations for his hostile expedition and the explicit depictions of the luxury of Cipangu and Cathay, flawed though they were, created a strong motivation for Columbus. In the 12th of May 1492, Christopher Columbus, attended by the writings of Marco Polo, sets sail to change history forever.Marco Polos travelogue was the only(prenominal) written cypher to have enlightened the European world with details of th e Eastern world. In the year 1254, when Marco Polo was born in a noble family of Venice, the public knowledge of the East was close to nonhing. Ever since the old age of Alexander the Great, Europe had scarce information roughly its neighboring civilization. Although basic trade routes were present along the Silk Road, no iodine in the West seems to have had any persuasion of the country from which it had come or those through which it had passed. Islamic countries that surrounded Europe, along with the Atlantic Ocean created a natural barrier, isolating the Europeans from the rest of the world.Even the diligent merchants of Venice, Genoa, and Constantinople could not penetrate beyond the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The religion and commerce of Islam were flourishing throughout that continent after the first Crusades. Due to this strong Islamic curtain, the Europeans were unaware of the existence of the Mongol empire gradu entirelyy rising as one of the world superpowers until Marco Polo came back with fascinating stories after his service downstairs the Great caravanserai.The seventeen years of service under Kublai Khan safely and conveniently provided Marco with a wide range of experiences in the Asian continent. The Polo brothers, Maffeo and Nicolo Polo (father and uncle of Marco Polo) had initially met with the Khan some years before they took Marco on their second journey to China.Let me tell you next of the personal appearance of the Great Lord of Lords whose name is Kubilai Khan. He is a man of good stature, neither short nor tall but of moderate height. His limbs are well fleshed out and modeled in due proportion. His skin color is fair and ruddy like a rose, the eyes black and handsome, the nose shapely and set squarely in place.The Khan was a wise and homophile(a) man, and Marco being a master four languages and young and healthy as he was, the Khan appointed him to a high post in the administration. Marco was effrontery a golden table t in the shape of a tigers head, which grated Chang Chun a free pass and the right of assistance everywhere in the Mongol Realm. With sufficient access, Marco was able to visit various places in Asia and gained an abundant amount of experience with its culture. He illustrates the geography, climate, people, and religions of the East in depth, even mentioning the recipe of Mongolian dried milk.Marco Polos achievements were only completed after his return home, when encounters Rustichello of Pisa, a romance writer who became his collaborator in putting his stories into a book. Two years before the death of Kublai Khan, the Polos were assigned their last mission to escort the Mongol princess Kokachin to marry the Persian prince, and then to return home. Painstakingly, they accomplished their mission and arrived home in the winter of 1295. Marco begins a new life with the jewels and gold acquired in his journey. When a war between Venice and Genoa starts off, Marco is captured and impri soned for a year in the Genoese prison. here he meets Rustichello, to whom Marco tells the stories of his great journey. After his return home, Marco, although Rustichello did most of the work, publishes his travelogue Marco Polo Travels.Marcos book remained more for entertainment purposes until the 1450s and 60s when Johann Gutenberg invents the letterpress and catalyzes its spread. At first, many people were skeptical about his book. His writing contained many mentions of legends and myths that seemed to be quite exaggerated. Neither did Marco include any descriptions about the Great Wall. Regardless of thesecontroversies, his book became one of the first books to be massively published through the Gutenbergs letterpress. Travels spreads out through Europe in no time. By the time all of Europe is shocked by his book, Marco approaches his death, go forth the last words I have only told the half of what I saw Whether or not Marcos words were reliable was not an make do at this po int.In the years following Marcos death, immense changes occurred in the minds of Europeans including the perception of world geography, directly affecting Columbus preparations. The TO purpose best represents the gothic understanding of the world. (Diagram attached to the back) The circle O, represents the world and the branches of the T, the Don and the Nile. Asia fills the upper semi circle and in the left and right of the upright section of the T, which represents the Mediterranean, lays Africa and Europe. In the sum of money is Jerusalem and at the top is Earthly Paradise of Adam and Eve, believed at the time to be the source of great rivers such as the Tigris and the Euphrates. Images of Noahs Ark, the mainstay of Babel, and others of the bible can be found on the map. As presented, the TO map signifies the primitive form of the world map before the years of Marco Polo.The world map rapidly evolved starting from the publishing of Marcos book to the time of Columbus. The im pact of Marco Polos works is displayed in these maps. Among the numerous versions of different maps, the first maps cognise to us strongly influenced by Marcos Books and which still remain to is the Catalan Atlas, drawn up by the Majorcan Jew Abraham Cresques at around 1380. Here is introduced for the first time, India, in the form of a peninsula and images and lands of the Great Khan. The map also includes on it images of traditional legends of the area. Great resemblance can be found between them and those of Marcos book. Representations of the world grew big and wider until finally, even the notion of a path westward to Asia is brought up.When the impact of Marco Polo started to take place, a physician of Florence by the name of Paolo Toscanelli, played the role of transforming the ideas of Marco Polo into the scientific inspirations for Christopher Columbus.Toscanelli was one of Marco Polos believers, who supported Marco Polos estimate of the length of Asia to be correct. He a rgued that, according to his calculations, a voyage of 3000miles from Lisbon to Cipangu and 500miles from Lisbon to Quinsay was possible. With this calculation, he urged men that an expedition for the search of Japan, described as the most fertile in gold, should be organized.Among these men was the young and ambitious Christopher Columbus. The theories of Toscanelli stimulated the intellectual interest of Columbus and curtly Columbus was determined to find out more. Columbus wrote Toscanelli questioning him for more comprehensive information. Toscanelli replied with an encouragement of Columbus aspirations and a chart of calculations, which he carried with him on his voyage. By this time, Columbus was determined to put his thoughts into action.Although Columbus calculations were carefully do, most of it was erroneous. One of his major calculations was his misconception of a degree. He thought the length of a degree was 562/3 Italian nautical miles. (the Italian nautical mile use d by Columbus contained 1480 meters ) This was not his own idea, but of the general public of his time. According to atomic number 1 Vignaud, he obtained his results because he knew in advance what he wanted to find. Based on his degree and other elements including the calculations of Toscanelli, Columbus conclusion came out to be remote from the truth.It came out that Tokyo would be on the meridian that runs through Western Cuba, Chattanooga, Grand Rapids, and Western Ontario. In other words, he underestimated the size of the world by 25 percent. Yet, until his actual departure, he had no clue whatsoever of his mistakes or of the American continent. Marco Polo had provided Columbus with crucial information of the East, but Columbus had not known that there were so many more things to consider, such as the existence of another world in the West.Fifteenth century Europe was an age of exploration and discovery interest of the Eastern world was increasing rapidly everyday. Trade with the Indies, which referred to most of Eastern Asia, flourished during the time of Columbus, especially in Portugal and Spain where spent most of his life. The account of Polos travels told how to buy spices from the East, andother goods such as silk, gold, silver, or perfumes were also taken by caravans across Asia to Constantinople and then redistributed through Europe. Although the price was high-priced due to long and burdensome process of shipping and handling, the demand for these merchandises continued to rise as the amount of luxury and wealth of Europe also increased.Thus, it was soon evident for a new and shorter route for the importing of these valuables. Repeated attempts were made to get around Africa to India. Columbus, however, decided that the African route was the hard way to the Indies. He was thinking of an easier and quicker way to reach the East he proposed to travel west. His rather rash plot satisfied the desires for expansion of the people of his time.After Columbus made up his mind, his next task was to convince the wealthy Princes to provide the necessary equipment and money for his expedition. Unfortunately, Columbus was turned down in the Portuguese committee, where he had gained a certain level of respect as a merchant. He, then moved to Spain, and started his six years of persuasion. It was hard for Columbus to support with solid yard his requests at first. He, thus, turned to Marco Polo.Columbus used the tempting descriptions of the Cipangu, or todays Japan, for his first argument against the princes. By the time of Columbus, The Travels of Marco Polo became one of the best-known tales in western Europe. One of the biggest issues of Marco Polos book was whether or not its magnificent portrayal of Japans luxury was true. According to Marco Polo, wealth of no other civilization matched that of the Japanese.They have gold in great abundance, because it is found there in measureless quantitiesso much indeed that I can handle to you in sober truth a veritable marvel concerning a certain palace of the ruler of the island. You may take it for a fact that he has a very large palace entirely roofed with find gold. Just as we roof our houses or churches with lead, so this palace is roofed with exquisite gold.Even the most stubborn princes gazed open-mouthed at the imagination of suchluxury. Certainly, the search for Cipangu sounded much more convincing after such descriptions.Another part of Columbus argument was based on religious reasoning. The failure of the Crusades was a huge disgrace for the Christian ruling class of Europe and many attempts to regain condition of the Holy Land, which was then occupied by the Turks, were made. The Mongol empire, which the Europeans still believed to exist way after its actual downfall, sounded like a strategically profitable deal. horrendous impressions faded away as benevolent descriptions of Kublai Khan and the rest of his subjects were made in Marco Polos book.Now let m e tell you something of the bounties that the Great Khan confers upon his subjects. For all his thoughts are directed towards helping the people who are subject to him, so that they may live and labor and increase their wealth.Likewise, Europeans were shocked at the incredibly civilize qualities of the Mongols they previously considered barbaric. In 1492, after six years of tenacious persuasion, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain finally accept Columbus proposal. The end to Columbus persuasion of princes only brings forth about a new beginning of an arduous journey of exploration and a new world.Marco Polos Travels acted as a basis for Christopher Columbuss achievement and the Age of Discovery. Columbus may have formulated a flawed theory of the world, but it was convincing enough for the princes who bought into it. This surely could not have been done without evidence found in Marco Polos book. Without Marco Polo, there would not have been Columbus, and furthermore, no Ame rica. Marco Polos possibly false information has made one of the biggest changes in history.